---
name: go-defensive
description: Use when hardening Go code at API boundaries — copying slices/maps, verifying interface compliance, using defer for cleanup, time.Time/time.Duration, or avoiding mutable globals. Also use when reviewing for robustness concerns like missing cleanup or unsafe crypto usage, even if the user doesn't mention "defensive programming." Does not cover error handling strategy (see go-error-handling).
---
# Go Defensive Programming Patterns
> Compatibility: Crypto examples may use `crypto/rand.Text`, which requires Go 1.24+.
## Resource Routing
- `references/BOUNDARY-COPYING.md` - Read when copying slices/maps across API boundaries.
- `references/GLOBAL-STATE.md` - Read when introducing or removing package globals.
- `references/MUST-FUNCTIONS.md` - Read when deciding whether a panic-on-error helper is acceptable.
- `references/PANIC-RECOVER.md` - Read when evaluating panic, recover, or crash containment.
- `references/TIME-ENUMS-TAGS.md` - Read when handling time types, enum zero values, or struct tags.
## Defensive Checklist Priority
When hardening code at API boundaries, check in this order:
```
Reviewing an API boundary?
├─ 1. Error handling → Return errors; don't panic (see go-error-handling)
├─ 2. Input validation → Copy slices/maps received from callers
├─ 3. Output safety → Copy slices/maps before returning to callers
├─ 4. Resource cleanup → Use defer for Close/Unlock/Cancel
├─ 5. Interface checks → Route compile-time assertions to go-interfaces
├─ 6. Time correctness → Use time.Time and time.Duration, not int/float
├─ 7. Enum safety → Start iota at 1 so zero-value is invalid
└─ 8. Crypto safety → crypto/rand for keys, never math/rand
```
---
## Quick Reference
| Pattern | Rule | Details |
|---------|------|---------|
| Boundary copies | Copy slices/maps on receive and return | [BOUNDARY-COPYING.md](references/BOUNDARY-COPYING.md) |
| Defer cleanup | `defer f.Close()` right after `os.Open` | Below |
| Interface check | Compile-time satisfaction assertion | See go-interfaces |
| Time types | `time.Time` / `time.Duration`, never raw int | [TIME-ENUMS-TAGS.md](references/TIME-ENUMS-TAGS.md) |
| Enum start | `iota + 1` so zero = invalid | Below |
| Crypto rand | `crypto/rand` for keys, never `math/rand` | Below |
| Must functions | Only at init; panic on failure | [MUST-FUNCTIONS.md](references/MUST-FUNCTIONS.md) |
| Panic/recover | Never expose panics across packages | [PANIC-RECOVER.md](references/PANIC-RECOVER.md) |
| Mutable globals | Replace with dependency injection | Below |
---
## Verify Interface Compliance
Route compile-time interface assertions to [go-interfaces](../go-interfaces/SKILL.md).
Use this skill only to notice API-boundary robustness risk; the interface skill
owns when an assertion is appropriate and the exact assertion shape.
## Copy Slices and Maps at Boundaries
Slices and maps contain pointers to underlying data. Copy at API boundaries to prevent unintended modifications.
```go
// Receiving: copy incoming slice
d.trips = make([]Trip, len(trips))
copy(d.trips, trips)
// Returning: copy map before returning
result := make(map[string]int, len(s.counters))
for k, v := range s.counters { result[k] = v }
```
## Defer to Clean Up
Use `defer` to clean up resources (files, locks). Avoids missed cleanup on multiple return paths.
```go
p.Lock()
defer p.Unlock()
if p.count < 10 {
return p.count
}
p.count++
return p.count
```
Defer overhead is negligible. Place `defer f.Close()` immediately after
`os.Open` for clarity. Arguments to deferred functions are evaluated when
`defer` executes, not when the function runs. Multiple defers execute in
LIFO order.
## Struct Field Tags
> **Advisory**: Always add explicit field tags to structs that are marshaled or unmarshaled.
```go
type User struct {
Name string `json:"name" yaml:"name"`
Email string `json:"email" yaml:"email"`
}
```
Field tags are a **serialization contract** — renaming a struct field without
updating the tag silently breaks wire compatibility. Treat tags as part of
the public API for any type that crosses a serialization boundary.
## Start Enums at One
Start enums at non-zero to distinguish uninitialized from valid values.
```go
const (
Add Operation = iota + 1 // Add=1, zero value = uninitialized
Subtract
Multiply
)
```
**Exception**: When zero is the sensible default (e.g., `LogToStdout = iota`).
## Time, Struct Tags, and Embedding
## Avoid Mutable Globals
Inject dependencies instead of mutating package-level variables. This makes
code testable without global save/restore.
```go
type signer struct {
now func() time.Time // injected; tests replace with fixed time
}
func newSigner() *signer {
return &signer{now: time.Now}
}
```
## Crypto Rand
Do not use `math/rand` or `math/rand/v2` to generate keys — this is a
**security concern**. Time-seeded generators have predictable output.
```go
import "crypto/rand"
func Key() string { return rand.Text() }
```
For text output, use `crypto/rand.Text` directly, or encode random bytes
with `encoding/hex` or `encoding/base64`.
---
## Panic and Recover
Use `panic` only for truly unrecoverable situations. Library functions
should avoid panic.
```go
func safelyDo(work *Work) {
defer func() {
if err := recover(); err != nil {
log.Println("work failed:", err)
}
}()
do(work)
}
```
**Key rules:**
- Never expose panics across package boundaries — always convert to errors
- Acceptable to panic in `init()` if a library truly cannot set itself up
- Use recover to isolate panics in server goroutine handlers
## Must Functions
`Must` functions panic on error — use them **only** during program
initialization where failure means the program cannot run.
```go
var validID = regexp.MustCompile(`^[a-z][a-z0-9-]{0,62}$`)
var tmpl = template.Must(template.ParseFiles("index.html"))
```
---
## Related Skills
- **Error handling**: See [go-error-handling](../go-error-handling/SKILL.md) when choosing between returning errors and panicking, or wrapping errors at boundaries
- **Concurrency safety**: See [go-concurrency](../go-concurrency/SKILL.md) when protecting shared state with mutexes, atomics, or channels
- **Interface checks**: See [go-interfaces](../go-interfaces/SKILL.md) when adding compile-time interface satisfaction checks
- **Data structure copying**: See [go-data-structures](../go-data-structures/SKILL.md) when working with slice/map internals or pointer aliasing